Journal of Hepatology
Volume 43, Issue 4 , Pages 614-622 , October 2005

Cognitive function in hepatitis C patients with advanced fibrosis enrolled in the HALT-C trial

  • Robert J. Fontana

      Affiliations

    • Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, 3912 Taubman Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0362, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 734 936 4780; fax: +1 734 936 7392.
    • ,
  • Linas A. Bieliauskas

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
    • ,
  • Carla Back-Madruga

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
    • ,
  • Karen L. Lindsay

      Affiliations

    • Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
    • ,
  • Ziad Kronfol

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
    • ,
  • Anna S. Lok

      Affiliations

    • Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, 3912 Taubman Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0362, USA
    • ,
  • Latha Padmanabhan

      Affiliations

    • New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA, USA
    • ,
  • the HALT-C Trial Group

      Affiliations

    • This is publication number 5 from the HALT-C Trial Group.

Received 29 November 2004 ,Revised 26 April 2005 ,Accepted 27 April 2005.

References 

  1. Kim WR. The burden of hepatitis C in the United States. Hepatology. 2002;36:S30–S34
  2. Alter MJ. Prevention of spread of hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2002;36:S93–S98
  3. Poynard T, Bedossa P, Opolon P. Natural history of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The OBSVIRC, METAVIR, CLINIVIR, and DOSVIRC groups. Lancet. 1997;349:825–832
  4. Fontana RJ, Hussain KB, Schwartz S, Moyer CA, Su GL, Lok ASF. Emotional distress in chronic hepatitis C patients not receiving anti-viral therapy. J Hepatol. 2002;36:401–407
  5. El-Serag HB, Kunik M, Richardson P, Rabeneck L. Psychiatric disorders among veterans with hepatitis C infection. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:476–482
  6. Barkhuizen A, Rosen HR, Wolf S, Flora K, Benner K, Bennett RM. Musculoskeletal pain and fatigue are associated with chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:1355–1360
  7. Forton DM, Allsop JM, Main J, Foster GR, Thomas HC, Taylor-Robinson SD. Evidence for a cerebral effect of the hepatitis C virus. Lancet. 2001;358:38–39
  8. Forton DM, Thomas HC, Murphy CA, Allsop JM, Foster GR, Main J, et al. Hepatitis C and cognitive impairment in a cohort of patients with mild liver disease. Hepatology. 2002;35:433–439
  9. Kramer L, Bauer E, Funk G, Hofer H, Jessner W, Steindl-Munda P, et al. Subclinical impairment of brain function in chronic hepatitis C infection. J Hepatol. 2002;37:349–354
  10. Córdoba J, Flavià M, Jacas C, Sauleda S, Esteban JI, Vargas V, et al. Quality of life and cognitive function in hepatitis C at different stages of liver disease. J Hepatol. 2003;39:231–238
  11. Hilsabeck RC, Perry W, Hassanein TI. Neuropsychological impairment in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2002;35:440–446
  12. Weissenborn K, Krause J, Bokemeyer M, Hecker H, Schuler A, Ennen JC, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection affects the brain—evidence from psychometric studies and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Hepatol. 2004;41:9845–9851
  13. Radkowski M, Wilkinson J, Nowicki M, Adair D, Vargas H, Ingui C, et al. Search for hepatitis C virus negative strand RNA sequences and analysis of viral sequences in the central nervous system: evidence of replication. J Virol. 2002;76:600–668
  14. Caddicarelli TV, Martinez OM, Gish RG, Villanueva JC, Krams SM. Immunoregulatory cytokines in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: pre and post-treatment with interferon alfa. Hepatology. 1996;24:6–9
  15. Lee WM, Dienstag JL, Lindsay KL, Lok AS, Bondovsky HL, Shiffman ML, et al. Evolution of the HALT-C trial: pegylated interferon as a maintenance therapy for chronic hepatitis C in previous interferon nonresponders. Control Clin Trials. 2004;25:472–492
  16. Shiffman ML, Di Bisceglie AM, Lindsay KL, Morishima C, Wright EC, Everson GT, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C who failed prior treatment. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:1015–1023
  17. Heaton RK, Grant I, Matthews CG. Comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead-Reitan battery: demographic corrections, research findings, and clinical applications. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1991;
  18. Barona A, Reynolds CR, Chastain R. A demographically based index of premorbid intelligence for the WAIS-R. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1984;52:885–887
  19. Wittchen HU. Reliability and validity studies of the WHO composite International Diagnostic Interview: a critical review. J Psychiatr Res. 1994;28:57–84
  20. Greist JH, Klein MH, Erdman HP, Bires JK, Bass SM, Machtinger PE, et al. Comparison of computer- and interviewer-administered versions of the diagnostic interview schedule. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1987;38:1304–1311
  21. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Merikangas KR, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder. J Am Med Assoc. 2003;289:3095–3105
  22. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the national comorbidity survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:8–19
  23. Skinner HA, Sheu WJ. Reliability of alcohol use indices: the lifetime drinking history and the MAST. J Stud Alcohol. 1982;43:1157–1170
  24. Ostapowicz G, Watson KJR, Locarnini SA, Desomnd PV. Role of alcohol in the progression of liver disease caused by hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology. 1998;27:1730–1735
  25. Dufour MC. What is moderate drinking? Defining ‘Drinks’ and drinking levels. Alcohol Res Health. 1999;23:5–14
  26. Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. BDI-II manual. The psychological corporation. San Antonio, TX: Harcout Brace and Company; 1996;
  27. Derogatis LR, Melisaratos N. The brief symptom inventory: an introductory report. Psychol Med. 1983;3:595–605
  28. Zachary RA. Shipley Institute of Living Scale. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services; 1991;
  29. Diaz-Asper CM, Schretlen DJ, Pearlson GD. How well does IQ predict neuropsychological test performance in normal adults?. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004;10:82–90
  30. Cronbach LJ. Essentials of psychological testing. 4th ed. New York: Harper and Row; 1984;
  31. Hannay HJ, Levin HS. Selective reminding test: an examination of the equivalence of four forms. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1985;7:251–263
  32. Gescheider GA. Psychophysics: method and theory. Hillsdale, NJ: L.A. Erlbaum Associates; 1976;
  33. Lezak MD. Neuropsychological assessment. New York: Oxford Press; 1995;
  34. Wechsler D. WAIS-R manual. New York: Psychological Corporation; 1981;
  35. Glosser G, Butters N, Kaplan E. Visuoperceptual processes in brain damaged patients on the digit symbol substitution test. Int J Neurosci. 1977;7:59–66
  36. Benton AL, Hamsher K, Verney NR, Spreen O. Contributions to neuropsychological assessment. New York: Oxford University Press; 1983;
  37. Stokx L, Gaillard AW. Task and driving performance of patients with a severe concussion of the brain. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1986;8:421–436
  38. Reitan RM, Wolfson D. The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery: theory and clinical interpretation. Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press; 1993;
  39. Heaton RK. Wisconsin card sorting test. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1981;
  40. Heaton RK, Kirson D, Velin RA, Grant I, for the HNRC Group . The utility of clinical ratings for detecting cognitive change in HIV infection. In:  Grant I,  Martin A editor. Neuropsychology of HIV infection. New York: Oxford; 1994;p. 188–206
  41. McCrae M, Cordoba J, Vessey G, Blei AT, Randolph C. Neuropsychological characterization and detection of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. Arch Neurol. 1996;53:758–763
  42. Wilkinson RT, Allison S. Age and simple reaction time: decade differences for 5325 subjects. J Gerontol. 1989;44:P29–P35
  43. Mitrushina MN, Boone KB, D'Elia LF. Handbook of normative data for neuropsychological assessment. New York: Oxford University Press; 1999;
  44. Levin HS, Grossman RG, Rose JE, Teasdale G. Long-term neuropsychological outcome of closed head injury. J Neurosurg. 1979;50:412–422
  45. Hart RP, Kwentus JA, Harkins SW, Taylor JR. Rate of forgetting in mild Alzheimer's-type dementia. Brain Cogn. 1988;7:31–38
  46. Hatfield R, Bieliauskas L, Bergloff P, Steinberg B, Kauszler M. Youth hockey. In:  Lovell MR,  Echmendia RJ,  Barth JT,  Collins MW editor. Traumatic brain injury in sports: an international neuropsychological perspective. Amsterdam/Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger; 2004;p. 129–148
  47. Hamsher K, Benton AL, Digre K. Serial digit learning: normative and clinical aspects. J Clin Neuropsychol. 1980;2:39–50
  48. Hardy DJ, Hinkin CH. Reaction time performance in adults with HIV/AIDS. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2002;24:912–929
  49. Kalichman SC. Understanding AIDS: advances in research and treatment. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1998;
  50. Stern RA, Silva SG, Chaisson N, Evans DW. Influence of cognitive reserve on neuropsychological functioning in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Arch Neurol. 1996;53:148–153
  51. Satz P, Morgenstern H, Miller EN, Selnes OA, McArthur JC, Cohen BA, et al. Low education as a possible risk factor for cognitive abnormalities in HIVC-1: findings from the multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1993;6:503–511
  52. Grant I. Alcohol and the brain: neuropsychological correlates. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1987;55:310–324
  53. Fabian MS, Parsons OA, Sheldon MD. Effects of gender and alcoholism on verbal and visuospatial testing. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1984;172:16–20
  54. Boone KB, Lesser IM, Miller BL, Wohl M, Berman N, Lee N, et al. Cognitive functioning in older depressed outpatients: relationship of presence and severity of depression to neuropsychological test scores. Neuropsychology. 1995;9:390–398
  55. Hillsabeck RC, Hassanein TI, Carlson MD, Ziegler EZ, Perry W. Cognitive functioning and psychiatric symptomatology in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2003;9:847–854
  56. Amodio P, Del Piccolo F, Marchetti P, Angell P, Iemmolo R, Caregaro L, et al. Clinical features and survival of cirrhotic patients with subclinical cognitive alterations detected by the number connection test and computerized psychometric tests. Hepatology. 1999;29:1662–1667
  57. Ferenci P, Lockwood A, Mullen K, Tarter R, Weissenborn K, Blei AT, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy—definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th world congress of gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998. Hepatology. 2002;35:716–721
  58. Berger JR, Nath A, Greenberg RN, Andersen AH, Greene RA, Bognar A, et al. Cerebrovascular changes in the basal ganglia with HIV dementia. Neurology. 2000;54:921–926
  59. Berger JR, Arendt G. HIV dementia: the role of the basal ganglia and dopaminergic systems. J Psychopharmacol. 2000;14:214–221
  60. Varma AR, Trimble MR. Subcortical neurologic syndromes. In:  Trimble MR,  Cummings JL editor. Contemporary behavioral neurology. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1997;p. 223–238
  61. Cummings JL, Benson F. Subcortical dementia: review of an emerging concept. Arch Neurol. 1984;41:874–878
  62. Torack RM, Morris JC. Mesolimbocortical dementia: a clinicopathologic case study of a putative disorder. Arch Neurol. 1986;43:1074–1078

PII: S0168-8278(05)00315-6

doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.04.006

Journal of Hepatology
Volume 43, Issue 4 , Pages 614-622 , October 2005

Article Tools