To the Editor:
We thank Chen P. and Zhou B. for their interest in our manuscript and for their thoughtful comments.
Concerning selection bias, as our study was not a multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial with a large, real-world sample, we aimed to minimize it. The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen is the only government mandated referral hospital in Shenzhen, China for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Thus all infected patients in the region would present to our hospital and would generally be representative of patients with COVID-19 in the city. Bias in the estimated association of an exposure on an outcome that arises from the procedures used to select individuals into the study was avoided.
We agree that pre-hospital medication could influence liver tests. However, as described in the paper, because the accessibility of medical resources in our city are quite different from that in Hubei and other epidemic regions, over-the-counter medicines are rarely used to self-treat. Additionally, during this unique pandemic period, all medical staff and the general population were well aware of the disease. Once individuals presented any COVID-19-related symptoms, they would receive confirmatory testing. Once the diagnosis was confirmed, the patient would be referred to our hospital for further treatment as soon as possible. Patients were very unlikely to have taken antipyretics (acetaminophen), antibiotics (macrolides, quinolones), or steroids before admission; thus, any effect of these drugs on the results would not be substantial.
We agree that ischemia, hypoxia, and reperfusion are important factors related to liver injury. As we have reported, severe cases of COVID-19 are defined by the official clinical practice guidelines of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society, and respiratory abnormalities are a key diagnostic criterion.
[1]
,[2]
Mechanical ventilation was usually needed in severe cases, which has been reported in a recent study. Furthermore, in ours and other studies,- Metlay J.P.
- Waterer G.W.
- Long A.C.
- Anzueto A.
- Brozek J.
- Crothers K.
- et al.
Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019; 200: e45-e67
[1]
,3
, 4
, 5
severe cases consistently showed a higher percentage of severe liver abnormality than non-severe cases. As remdesivir was not used in our hospital, we could not assess its effects on liver function.In addition, our data showed that 5.04% of patients with COVID-19 had liver comorbidities, which was consistent with the prevalence of 2–11% reported by Zhang C et al.
[6]
We agree that the question of whether intensive immunotherapy may minimize the COVID-19-related inflammatory response may be relevant. Actually, some related experimental studies in our hospital are ongoing and hope to give answers to these questions. Inspired by the current study, we will conduct more in-depth studies in the future to improve our understanding of this disease.Last, but not least, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression was reported in various human organs but the results were controversial. For example, a recent study failed to replicate the expression of ACE2 in the alveolar type II (AT2) cells or in the AT2 lung carcinoma cell line A549.
[7]
Similarly, our study showed that patients treated with ACE-inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers were not at increased odds of progressing to severe disease compared to patients taking other antihypertensive drugs. These results indicate that the expression of ACE2 in the human respiratory system may be limited, and thus the expression of the receptor in lung or respiratory epithelia on the protein level is yet to be confirmed. Most concerns above have been discussed in our discussion section.- Hikmet F.
- Méar Ln
- Uhlén M.
- Lindskog C.
The protein expression profile of ACE2 in human tissues.
bioRxiv. 2020; (preprints)https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.31.016048
Financial support
This work is funded by the National Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Center, Funds for the construction of key medical disciplines in Shenzhen, the Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen (SZSM201612014), and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Authors' contributions
J Chen designed the study, received the grant supports and had full access to all data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. J Chen, QX Cai contributed to the writing and statistical analysis of the report. All authors contributed to data acquisition, data analysis, or data interpretation, and reviewed and approved the final version.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest that pertain to this work.
Please refer to the accompanying ICMJE disclosure forms for further details.
Supplementary data
- disclosures.pdf
References
- COVID-19 in a designated infectious diseases hospital outside Hubei Province, China.Allergy. 2020; 75: 1742-1752
- Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019; 200: e45-e67
- Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China.N Engl J Med. 2020; 382: 1708-1720
- Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series.BMJ. 2020; 368: m606
- Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China.JAMA. 2020; 323: 1061-1069
- Liver injury in COVID-19: management and challenges.Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 5: 428-430
- The protein expression profile of ACE2 in human tissues.bioRxiv. 2020; (preprints)https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.31.016048
Article info
Publication history
Published online: May 06, 2020
Accepted:
April 27,
2020
Received in revised form:
April 25,
2020
Received:
April 24,
2020
Footnotes
Author names in bold designate shared co-first authorship
Identification
Copyright
© 2020 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
