To the Editor:
We read with interest the manuscript by Ji and coworkers, reporting that among 202 Chinese individuals with COVID-19,
[1]
those with likely metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) had a higher probability of abnormal liver function tests and disease progression than those without. Obesity and dysmetabolism are highly associated with severe COVID-19,[2]
raising the possibility that fatty liver directly mediates inflammation and hypercoagulation leading to respiratory and systemic complications of COVID-19.[3]
Alternatively, fatty liver may indirectly favor replication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.[4]
However, several confounders, e.g. an independent role of insulin resistance, and reverse causation, e.g. the impact of SARS-CoV-2 and treatments on fatty liver, may complicate the interpretation of these initial retrospective observations.Mendelian randomization is an epidemiological framework that bypasses confounding and reverse causation by using genetic variation as an instrument to establish the causal role of modifiable risk factors in disease pathogenesis.
[5]
We previously developed a genetic risk score (GRS) for MAFLD based on the weighted effect of risk variants in PNPLA3-TM6SF2-MBOAT7-GCKR on hepatic fat in the general population.[6]
Exploiting this robust instrument, we showed that hepatic fat has a causal role in determining liver fibrosis and insulin resistance.[6]
Herein, we examined the impact of the MAFLD-GRS on the risk of COVID-19 in individual data of participants of the UK Biobank (UKBB) cohort. The UKBB comprises 502,640 individuals aged between 40 and 69 years.
[7]
Baseline assessment, medical history and biological samples are available, including also genetic data. We had access to these data with application #37142. UKBB started to release COVID-19 test results from March 16th 2020 (data-field 40100), and given that the tests were mainly restricted to hospitalized patients with symptoms, positive test results can be considered as a proxy of severe disease. As of May 2nd 2020, test results were available for 4,119 individuals (2,770 confirmed inpatients; data were only partially available for the rest). We restricted the analysis to the subset of white British ancestry. After applying quality control (supplementary data), the remaining number of individuals was 1,460, of whom 526 were positive (case) and 934 were negative (control) for SARS-CoV-2, respectively. Of these, 835 (57%) were confirmed inpatients. Results are shown in Table 1, left panel. The GRS was not associated with an increased risk of COVID-19, as also observed for carriage of each variant included in the score (all p values >0.1). These results suggest that genetic predisposition to hepatic fat accumulation does not increase per se the predisposition towards severe COVID-19, and that MAFLD does not play a causal role of in this condition.Table 1Impact of genetic predisposition to MAFLD on the risk of developing COVID-19 in the UKBB (526 cases and 934 controls), and on the hepatic mRNA expression of cellular SARS-CoV-2 receptors in 125 obese individuals.
| Genetic instrument | UKBB association study | Gene expression | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p value | OR | 95% CI | Estimate | p value | ||
| GRS | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 0.46 | ACE2 | +37 ± 24 | 0.13 | ||
| Model 1 | 0.70 | 0.90 | 0.51–1.56 | CTSL | −130 ± 201 | 0.54 |
| Model 2 | 0.69 | 0.89 | 0.51–1.56 | TMPRSS2 | +19 ± 89 | 0.83 |
| Model 3 | 0.68 | 0.89 | 0.51–1.56 | PYKFYVE | −49 ± 86 | 0.57 |
| PNPLA3 p.I148M | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 0.06 | ACE2 | +13 ± 7 | 0.06 | ||
| Model 1 | 0.12 | 0.86 | 0.71–1.04 | CTSL | 54 ± 61 | 0.80 |
| Model 2 | 0.13 | 0.86 | 0.71–1.04 | TMPRSS2 | +13 ± 26 | 0.61 |
| Model 3 | 0.13 | 0.86 | 0.71–1.04 | PYKFYVE | 2 ± 25 | 0.95 |
| TM6SF2 p.E167K | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 0.46 | ACE2 | +5 ± 17 | 0.77 | ||
| Model 1 | 0.48 | 1.10 | 0.85–1.42 | CTSL | −17 ± 62 | 0.79 |
| Model 2 | 0.52 | 1.09 | 0.84–1.41 | TMPRSS2 | −76 ± 146 | 0.60 |
| Model 3 | 0.53 | 1.09 | 0.84–1.41 | PYKFYVE | +29 ± 60 | 0.62 |
| MBOAT7 rs738409 C>G | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 0.61 | ACE2 | −7 ± 6 | 0.23 | ||
| Model 1 | 0.45 | 1.06 | 0.91–1.23 | CTSL | +5 ± 50 | 0.91 |
| Model 2 | 0.50 | 1.05 | 0.90–1.23 | TMPRSS2 | −10 ± 21 | 0.62 |
| Model 3 | 0.50 | 1.05 | 0.90–1.23 | PYKFYVE | −20 ± 21 | 0.34 |
| GCKR p.P446L | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 0.34 | ACE2 | −1 ± 6 | 0.89 | ||
| Model 1 | 0.32 | 1.08 | 0.93–1.26 | CTSL | −11 ± 54 | 0.83 |
| Model 2 | 0.28 | 1.09 | 0.93–1.28 | TMPRSS2 | −3 ± 23 | 0.90 |
| Model 3 | 0.28 | 1.09 | 0.93–1.28 | PYKFYVE | −18 ± 22 | 0.42 |
Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, BMI, PC1-10 (ethnicity), assessment center, array batch; Model 2: further adjusted for inpatient (origin of test sample, as coded in data-coding 1855); Model 3: further adjusted for diagnosis of diabetes.
BMI, body mass index; GRS, genetic risk score; MAFLD, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease; OR, odds ratio; UKBB, UK Biobank.
∗ At binary logistic regression analysis. GRS of MAFLD, based on the weighted impact of genetic risk variants on hepatic fat content.
° At generalized linear model adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and type 2 diabetes.
These results should be interpreted with caution for several reasons: they were obtained in an initial set of cases without detailed characterization, and for a possible lack of power to detect the association. However, the current sample size clearly had the power to detect a >6-fold higher risk of severe COVID-19 conferred by MAFLD, as reported by Ji et al.
[1]
We actually detected a trend of protection against COVID-19 conferred by rs738409, encoding for the p.I148M PNPLA3 variant, which is a major genetic determinant of hepatic inflammation.[5]
,[8]
Future larger studies are warranted to formally test this hypothesis. A possible reason for differential susceptibility to severe COVID-19 is related to altered expression of SARS-CoV-2 cellular receptors.- Baselli G.A.
- Dongiovanni P.
- Rametta R.
- Meroni M.
- Pelusi S.
- Maggioni M.
- et al.
Liver transcriptomics highlights interleukin-32 as novel NAFLD-related cytokine and candidate biomarker.
Gut. 2020; (In press)https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319226
[9]
We therefore looked at the impact of genetic risk variants on the hepatic mRNA expression of ACE2, CTSL, TMPRSS2 and PYKFYVE[9]
in a cohort of 125 obese individuals.[8]
We found no significant impact of MAFLD-GRS and single variants on the expression of known viral receptors. However, we observed a trend towards higher ACE2 expression associated with carriage of the p.I148M PNPLA3 variant that was not statistically significant (p = 0.06).- Baselli G.A.
- Dongiovanni P.
- Rametta R.
- Meroni M.
- Pelusi S.
- Maggioni M.
- et al.
Liver transcriptomics highlights interleukin-32 as novel NAFLD-related cytokine and candidate biomarker.
Gut. 2020; (In press)https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319226
In conclusion, the first available genetic data are not consistent with a strong predisposition conferred by MAFLD to the development of severe COVID-19. Larger prospective studies including the role of obesity, dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes are warranted to understand the impact of genetic predisposition to MAFLD on COVID-19 susceptibility and severity, namely on the risk of hospitalization and mortality.
Financial support
This work was supported by project grants from Amgen and Sanofi-Aventis, the Swedish Research Council [Vetenskapsrådet (VR), 2016-01527], the Swedish state under the Agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils (the ALF-agreement) [SU 2018-04276], the Novonordisk Foundation Grant for Excellence in Endocrinology [Excellence Project, 9321-430], the Swedish Diabetes Foundation [DIA 2017-205], the Swedish Heart Lung Foundation [20120533], the Wallenberg Academy Fellows from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation [KAW 2017.0203] (SR). MyFirst Grant AIRC n.16888, Ricerca Finalizzata Ministero della Salute RF-2016-02364358, Ricerca corrente Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, the European Union (EU) Programme Horizon 2020 (under grant agreement No. 777377) for the project LITMUS- “Liver Investigation: Testing Marker Utility in Steatohepatitis”, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda “Liver BIBLE” PR-0391, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda core COVID-19 Biobanking (LV).
Authors' contributions
The study was conceived by LV and SR, OJ analysed the data, the final manuscript was approved by all Authors.
Conflict of interest
Authors declare that they do not have any conflict of interest relevant to the present study. SR has served as a consultant for AstraZeneca, Celgene, Sanofi, Amgen, Akcea Therapeutics, Camp4, Medacorp, Pfizer in the last 5 years. SR has received research grants from AstraZeneca, Sanofi and Amgen. LV reports having received speaking fees from MSD, Gilead, AlfaSigma, AbbVie, having served as a consultant for: Gilead, Pfizer, Astra Zeneca, Novo Nordisk, Intercept, Diatech Pharmacogenetics, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, and received research grants from: Gilead.
Please refer to the accompanying ICMJE disclosure forms for further details.
Supplementary data
- disclosures.pdf
- Supplementary information.pdf
References
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study.J Hepatol. 2020; 73: 451-453
- Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City Area.JAMA. 2020; 323: 2052-2059
- COVID-19 and liver disease.Liver Int. 2020; 40: 1278-1281
- Liver injury during highly pathogenic human coronavirus infections.Liver Int. 2020; 40: 998-1004
- Update on NAFLD genetics: from new variants to the clinic.J Hepatol. 2020; 72: 1196-1209
- Causal relationship of hepatic fat with liver damage and insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver.J Intern Med. 2018; 283: 356-370
- UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age.PLoS Med. 2015; 12: e1001779
- Liver transcriptomics highlights interleukin-32 as novel NAFLD-related cytokine and candidate biomarker.Gut. 2020; (In press)https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319226
- No evidence for an increased liver uptake of SARS-CoV-2 in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease.J Hepatol. 2020; 73: 717-718
Article info
Publication history
Published online: May 20, 2020
Accepted:
May 6,
2020
Received in revised form:
May 6,
2020
Received:
May 3,
2020
Footnotes
Author names in bold designate shared co-first authorship
Identification
Copyright
© 2020 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
